In the present study, proteomic and bioinformatic analyses on the three rabbit cell types were performed to unravel the distinctive protein expression profiles among them. While the gene and protein expressions underlying the pluripotency of f-rES and p-rES cells are largely unknown, this study investigated the protein profiles of these cell lines by a proteomics approach using rabbit fibroblast cells as the control. Among these cells, 100 out of 284 protein spots differed in the expression levels, of which 91 protein spots representing 63 distinct proteins were identified. The proteins with known identities were mainly located in the cytoplasmic compartment and involved in energy and metabolic pathways. Some proteins were expressed exclusively in a specific cell type, indicating a specific nature or physiologic function of each cell type. For instance, at least six proteins including TUBB2A protein, KRT8 protein, a-enolase, 14-3-3 protein sigma, HSP60, and myosin-9 were expressed at significantly higher levels only in prES cells. Tubulins are the major components of the filamentous structure of cellular microtubules with a-tubulin being the most common one. The microtubule plays many crucial roles in intracellular transport, cell morphology, polarity, signaling, and division of the cell, which also make it a target for the study of cancer therapy. In this study, we found that a-tubulin or tubulin-b was upregulated in both f-rES and p-rES cells, strongly suggesting that ES cells are one of the actively proliferating cell types compared to the terminally differentiated fibroblasts. Moreover, previous studies have also shown that a-tubulins in mES cells are downregulated along with vimentin, one of the intermediate Diacerein filaments, during differentiation into neuronal cell lineages. The TCP-1 complex is an oligomeric particle found in the eukaryotic cytosol consisting of four or five related polypeptides of a similar size. In vitro studies suggested that TCP1 complex is a chaperonin in the eukaryotic cytosol participating in the correct folding of newly translated a- and b-tubulins and refolding of urea-denatured tubulins and actins in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. It is also functionally linked to cell growth and its expression decreases concomitantly with the growth arrest during differentiation. Most interestingly, it has been reported that TCP-1 is related to the growth and survival during pig embryo development, and it is more drastically upregulated in pig parthenogenetic embryos than in fertilized embryos. In this study, TCP-1a was found expressed in all the three cell types with higher expression levels in rES cells detected by 2-DE, particularly highly expressed in f-rES cells detected by Western blotting. Although the exact cause for the slightly inconsistency between the two analyses is not clear, we infer that TCP-1a may play active roles in cell proliferation and/or cytoskeletal protein folding at least in f-rES cells. Further study is required to determine the precise role of TCP-1a in maintaining the stemness and undifferentiation of rES cells. Peroxiredoxins are a family of small nonseleno peroxidases in mammals with six isoforms Amikacin hydrate widely distributed in human cells including reproductive organs. They function to serve as reactive oxygen species detoxifiers in order to provide cytoprotection from internal and external environmental stresses by eliminating hydrogen peroxide from cells. Peroxiredoxins 1 and 2 were highly expressed in ovary and testis. In the female, peroredoxin 1 gene expresses in 3-day-old follicles and increases its expression in 21day-old during folliculogenesis in the rat. In addition to being found in human endometrium and cervix-vagina fluid.