Therefore, our data strongly indicated that the silkworm MTs might have analogous role to immune response. Insects and humans diverged at least 400 mya, but very surprising similarities still exist in the functions of their genes. Chintapalli et al. found many Drosophila genes expressed in tissues analogous to those involved in human disease. In this study, Vacuolar-type transporting ATPase subunit B was successfully identified from 1-DE LC-MS/MS and 2-DE MALDI-TOF MS of silkworm MTs protein samples. V-type H + ATPase plays major roles in proton transport and electrochemical gradients in eukaryotic cells. The disruption of V-ATPase subunits is not obligatorily lethal, but can result in the pH-dependent phenotype in yeast and can influence Drosophila normal embryonic development. In humans, V-type H+ ATPase mutations cause renal tubular acidosis and sensory deafness. A xanthine dehydrogenase was identified from silkworm MTs and highly homologous to the rosy mutation of Drosophila. The rosy mutation has the conserved symptoms of xanthinuria type I in humans. BmAGXT-2 was identified by two different proteomic analysis methods. Western blot and activity analysis further revealed the presence of BmAGXT 2 in the MTs of silkworm. The drawback of AGXT leads to abnormal metabolism of oxalate, and causes a rare disease, primary hyperoxaluria, which AbMole Metyrapone results in kidney stones even at an early age. During growth and development, silkworm larvae accumulate massive amounts of calcium oxalate crystals in their MTs. This phenomenon indicates that the silkworm MTs might provide an ideal model system to study calcium oxalate crystallization in kidney. Several proteins are also related to alcohol metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase encodes an alcohol oxidase, which plays an important role in the detoxification AbMole Ascomycin mechanism of alcohols. Alcohol metabolism occurs principally in the liver, where alcohol is first converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. Then, aldehyde dehydrogenase converts acetaldehyde to acetate. These two enzymes play a major role in metabolizing alcohol and in diminishing its effects in an organism. In the MTs of silkworm, these enzymes might protect the silkworm from alcohol poisoning. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase is a key metabonome enzyme that participates in valine metabolism and catalyzes the NAD dependent reversible oxidation to methylmalonate semialdehyde. The high expression of Hibadh in the silkworm MTs implies that valine metabolism happens actively. We also found several organic solute transporters capable of excreting a huge majority of organic cations, anions, monocarboxylic acids, amino acids, and multivitamins. In summary, we revealed for the first time the protein profiles of silkworm MTs using shotgun proteomics. A total of 1,367 proteins were identified from silkworm MTs, hopefully laying a strong foundation for further study of special mechanisms involved in exreting metabolites and xenobiotics in the MTs of insects. Recurrent spontaneous abortion is defined as having had at least two consecutive embryo miscarriages within the first or early second trimester of pregnancy. RSA affects approximately 1% to 5% of reproductive age women. Various factors have been identified that are thought to play a role in about 50% of cases of RSA including genetic, endocrine, anatomical or autoimmune issues and infections. However the mechanism involved in the other 50% of RSAs remains unexplained. Recent studies have indicated that placental ischemia/hypoxia and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to cases of RSA.