Osteoporosis is a major Ardisiacrispin-A public health issue. It is a skeletal disease that is defined by decreased bone mass combined with microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue resulting in a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis typically presents later in life, particularly in postmenopausal women, and its prevalence is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades due to an ageing population. The reason postmenopausal women are more susceptible to osteoporosis is due to reduced ovarian function resulting in decreased estrogen. Estrogen directly affects bone turnover by stimulating osteoblast activity through increasing osteoblast formation, differentiation, proliferation, and function, and inhibiting osteoclast activity through inducing osteoclast apoptosis, and inhibiting osteoclast formation. Thus, estrogen deficiency is directly related with bone loss, and postmenopausal estrogen deficiency causes accelerated bone loss. Postmenopausal osteoporosis affects 20% of women aged 60�C69 years, and in the UK it was found that out of the 60,000 people who suffer osteoporotic hip fractures each year, 15�C20% die from complications within a year. Alendronate sodium, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, is most widely used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates accumulate in the mineral phase of bone and inhibit bone resorption through inhibition of osteoclast activity. The degree to which bone turnover and bone mineral density change upon treatment with anti-resorptive agents is directly correlated with a reduction in the risk of fractures. However, many side Isoscopoletin effects of bisphosphonate medications, including severe suppression of bone turnover that may develop during long-term therapy, actually increase the risk of fracture. Bisphosphonates can also cause osteonecrosis of the jaw, with higher risk in oncology patients treated with high dose bisphosphonate therapy. Other relevant possible side effects include gastrointestinal upset, musculoskeletal pain, atrial fibrillation, and esophageal cancer.