Vaccination is a primary countermeasure to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza. Influenza vaccines have been manufactured as live attenuated, inactivated whole virus or split vaccines produced in embryonated hens�� eggs using a method that was established over 60 years ago. Recently, mammalian cells have also been used to manufacture influenza vaccines in Europe. The major immunogens in these vaccines are viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. While these vaccines are effective, they are inefficient to produce in terms of time and manufacturing capacity. When a pandemic influenza emerges for instance, it takes approximately 4�C6 months from virus identification to production of the first vaccine doses. The collective experience with vaccine production for the last three influenza pandemics, particularly the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, has demonstrated that this timing is insufficient to meet global needs. Although dose sparing and increased longevity of immunity have recently been demonstrated when these vaccines are formulated with adjuvants, a next generation technology for rapid production of pandemic influenza vaccines is still Z-VAD-FMK urgently needed. Recombinant technologies alleviate many of the production and capacity constraints associated with current technologies and provide a solution to global seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine needs. These vaccine platforms include production of either recombinant HA or virus-like particles consisting of HA, NA and matrix proteins, vaccinia virus based expression of HA and NA, E. coli based expression of flagellin-HA globular head Tofacitinib fusion proteins, the HA1 fragment of HA, or the HA2 stalk of HA, as well as DNA vectorbased expression of multiple antigens. VaxInnate��s vaccine platform effectively links innate and adaptive immunity by genetically fusing the immunogen to flagellin of Salmonella typhimurium. This flagellin fusion vaccine technology allows rapid development of vaccine seed clones in a couple of weeks, followed by economical manufacturing of the fusion protein-based vaccines using a well-established E. coli fermentation system and a standardized purification process.