As transforming growth factor-b or hypoxia, trigger changes in gene expression by complex signaling pathways. Downregulation of the epithelial marker E-cadherin – the main transmembrane adhesion molecule responsible for cellto-cell interactions and tissue organization in epithelial cells. E-cadherin is transcriptionally repressed by Twist, Snail, Slug and Zeb proteins. Reduced E-cadherin expression causes adherens junction breakdown, and along with other signaling events promotes robust gene expression changes. The loss of polarity and gain of motile characteristics of mesenchymal cells during embryonic development has prompted comparisons with metastatic cancer cells during malignant progression. Notably, recent data demonstrate that EMT is indeed involved in generating cells with properties of stem cells as shown in cancer of the breast, colorectum and pancreas. Plant defense and photosynthesis can also help clarify two prominent mass-balance based hypotheses of secondary metabolite production. The carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis were formulated to address differences in defense concentrations among individuals within a species; both hypotheses stem from the assumption that an imbalance in nutrients and carbon will allow plants to invest excess resources in defense as growth becomes limited before photosynthesis. However, blood taking and undiagnosed DM were not suitable for a BKM120 simple score system. Furthermore, CAN prevention researches should be performed in areas controlling these risk factors. A risk score based on questions regarding phenotypical characteristics for CAN could never obtain a sensitivity of 100%. False-negative is mainly attributed to two factors that other risk factors apart from risk score system contribute to outcome, and the value of risk factor was not difference between false-negative and true-positive individuals. In this study, a part of individuals with CAN are not obesity, or have a normal resting HR due to both impaired sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. The prevalence of CAN with normal resting HR in the population is little known. Plants that produce nitrogencontaining defensive compounds are expected to increase their production of defenses when available nitrogen is more abundant than carbon; likewise, plants capable of synthesizing carbon-based secondary metabolites should increase production when fixed carbon exceeds requirements for growth. In the mitochondria, and altered fatty acid metabolism through -oxidation in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in addition to b-oxidation in the mitochondria in the progression of severe PAH. Interestingly, our results have shown that there is reduced glycolysis in the PAH lung compared to normal control, which is contrary to several previous studies, showing increased glycolysis as a significant characteristic of proliferating cells in PAH. The discrepancy between our findings to previous studies may be due to our usage of lung samples with severe PAH rather than lung samples with early or developing of PAH from previous works.