The strong response of the two-inoculation schedule at low dose is particularly notable, as this was a more robust performance than found in other adjuvants similarly tested in our laboratory previously. However, high dosages of PA-MSHA were ineffective and sometimes even detrimental for promoting immune responses. Within the three-inoculation strategy, high dose PA-MSHA promoted specific cellular responses up to the same strength as low-dose groups, while humoral responses were augmented only for the lowest-dose group. Similarly, within the two-inoculation regimen, cellular responses were attenuated for the high dose group, while humoral responses were not enhanced for any adjuvant dose. Previous studies have shown that PAMSHA to inhibits cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner through EGFR pathway signaling. Insects can recognize a variety of plant compounds that stimulate specific behaviors, such as feeding and egg laying by chemoreceptive organs. It is well known that some insects lay eggs on their host plants, and the oviposition behavior is induced by the recognition of the plant components with sensilla on these chemoreceptive organs, But the detailed mechanism of this HhAntag691 company identification is not clear. Chemosensory proteins are a class of small soluble proteins containing 4 conserved cysteines which abundantly exist in the chemoreceptive organs and transmit chemical signals to nervous system. The CSP was first in Drosophila melanogaster and confirmed that CSPs are capable of binding a range of aliphatic compounds, esters and other long chain compounds that are typical components of pheromonal blends. The first member of the CSP family was discovered more than a decade ago in Drosophila melanogaster and was called olfactory specific protein D due to its preferential expression in the antennae. Later studies identified other members of this family in sensory appendages such as antennae, labial palps and legs in a variety of insects. Several members of this class of protein have been described in insects of different orders, including Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Blattoidea, Phasmatodea, Hemiptera, etc. The function of CSPs as carrier proteins was strengthened by studies on the higher order structure of a CSP from Bombyx mori, which revealed a globular configuration of six alpha helices surrounding a hydrophobic binding pocket. Recent studies confirmed that CSPs are capable of binding a range of aliphatic compounds, esters and other long chain compounds that are typical components of pheromonal blends. The Spodoptera litura, is one major pest of agricultural crops in many Asia areas. It is a polyphagous pest and known about 150 host species. The extensively use of synthesis pesticides has caused it to develop resistance against various chemicals. The residual pesticides have not only polluted the environment, but are also a threat to human life. And it is serious during the seedling stage, especially in upland rice and other crucifer and it is also regarded as a very good target for the applications of rhodojaponin III. Rhodojaponin III, a grayanoid diterpene compound isolated from the ower of Rhododendron molle, has been reported to have high levels of oviposition deterrent, antifeedant, contact and/ or stomach toxicity against more than 40 species of agricultural pests in laboratory bioassays and field trials.