When the dog detects the scat, it signals its whereabouts to the handler by sitting a short distance away from the sample. Therefore, the samples are not contaminated by the presence of the dog. We collected fresh fecal samples in transport swabs containing Stuart transport agar only if free from environmental contamination. We kept samples on ice packs until refrigeration, which was no later than 4 days after sample collection. Additionally, for the terrestrial mammals, we collected duplicate samples for genetic analysis by swabbing the surface of the scat with sterile foam swabs soaked in phosphate buffered saline solution. Genetic samples were then stored either in 90% ethanol or in lysis buffer, and kept in a refrigerator, freezer, or on dry-ice in the field, as available. We used mitochondrial DNA markers to (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen confirm the species origin of the felid and tapir samples, since felid scats cannot be distinguished from each other visually, and tapir feces can be confused with horse/donkey feces. Swabbing the surface of the scat samples minimizes downstream PCR inhibitors and maximizes epithelial cell DNA. DNA was extracted from the swab samples using the tissue Topiroxostat extraction protocol of the Qiagen Tissue Kit. We used a 175-bp sequence of the ATP6 ribosomal subunit gene, which lays outside of the felid numt region that renders many mtDNA markers unreliable for felids. We then established the preliminary species assignment using NCBI��s BLAST search and we further confirmed this by aligning the sequences with in-house control sequences using the MEGA5 software. For further corroboration of felid species identification, we used a second molecular marker, a speciesspecific fragment polymorphism of a different mtDNA region amplified using the HSF21 and LTPROB13 primers. We interpreted the resulting inhibitory halos according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Following we applied further antibiotic susceptibility testing to all G-resistant isolates, which included assaying a set of 12 aminoglycoside compounds designed to assess the underlying mechanism of resistance.