Mutations of p53 have been described as an early event in colitis-associated cancer and more recently it was also demonstrated that mutated p53 promotes progression of IBD into associated colon cancer. In the murine model we found nuclear p53 both in dysplasia and in tumors. The status of p53, whether mutated or not, is unknown in our samples. Whether and how ectopic LMa1 and LMa5 are organized into BM in IBD and in particular during colitis associated cancer is important to elucidate and might provide novel means to fight cancer. Taken together our results showed that the forced expression of LMa1 and LMa5 protected against DSS-induced inflammation. But in carcinogenic conditions the same LM molecules accelerate colitis-associated tumorigenesis. More knowledge about the switch from good into evil is required where our transgenic mice represent attractive new models. In the early phases of IBD, reinforcing BM stability may be a promising therapeutic approach. Symbiosis is the result of intricate ecological relationships. Such intricacy may lead to shifts in the selection pressure over an organism, which may result in advantage or disadvantage to at least one of the interacting organisms of different species. Intracellular bacteria are common endosymbionts of arthropods, either in obligatory or facultative associations, that live within the cells of their hosts. Not only nutrition-involved obligatory endosymbionts, such as Buchnera and Wigglesworthia, are of recognized importance in arthropods but also facultative endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia, Hamiltonella, and Serratia, among others. Approximately 10% of insect species exhibit a primary endosymbiont, while an estimated 40% of insect species host some Paclitaxel Wolbachia strain. The specialized and unbalanced diets of several arthropod species is an indication of the potential importance of their endosymbionts, which frequently play a fundamental role in complementing nutrition in their host, allowing host survival in novel environments and under alternate food source. Although such a role is likely a pivotal innovation in arthropod evolution, the specific roles of the majority of their endosymbionts remains unknown. The suppression or inactivation of endosymbionts shed some light on this matter, as exemplified by the Wolbachia-mediated fitness increase and parasitism protection of whiteflies, and high temperature tolerance and parasitoid resistance provided by Serratia and Hamiltonella. Understanding the role of endosymbionts in the behavioral, ecological and evolutionary processes of arthropods is no easy task. This is so not only because of individual trait variation within an arthropod population but also because an arthropod may host varying loads of more than one endosymbiont, confounding and/ or masking their impact and importance in the host individual. Weevils in the genus Sitophilus, which encompasses three grain weevil species of key importance.